This article is a continuation of the Series on Linux Device Drivers and carries the discussion on Linux device drivers and their implementation. The aim of this series is to provide easy and practical examples that anyone can understand. In our previous tutorial, we have seen the Example of Interrupt through Device Driver Programming. This is one of the Bottomhalf which is Workqueue in Linux kernel driver – Linux Device Driver Tutorial Part 14.
You can also read Sysfs, Procfs, Workqueue, Completion, Softirq, and threaded IRQ in the Linux device driver.
Bottom Half
When Interrupt triggers, Interrupt Handler should be executed very quickly and it should not run for more time (it should not perform time-consuming tasks). If we have the interrupt handler who is doing more tasks then we need to divide it into two halves.
- Top Half
- Bottom Half
The top Half is nothing but our interrupt handler. If we want to do less work, then the top half is more than enough. No need for the bottom half in that situation. But if we have more work when interrupt hits, then we need the bottom half. The bottom half runs in the future, at a more convenient time, with all interrupts enabled. So, The job of the bottom halves is to perform any interrupt-related work not performed by the interrupt handler.
There are 4 bottom half mechanisms are available in Linux:
- Workqueue in Linux Kernel – Executed in a process context.
- Threaded IRQ
- Softirq – Executed in an atomic context.
- Tasklet – Executed in an atomic context.
In this tutorial, we will see Workqueue in Linux Kernel.
Workqueue in Linux Kernel
Work queues are added in the Linux kernel 2.6 version. Work queues are a different form of deferring work. Work queues defer work into a kernel thread; this bottom half always runs in the process context. Because workqueue is allowing users to create a kernel thread and bind work to the kernel thread. So, this will run in the process context and the work queue can sleep.
- Code deferred to a work queue has all the usual benefits of process context.
- Most importantly, work queues are schedulable and can therefore sleep.
Normally, it is easy to decide between using workqueue and softirq/tasklet:
- If the deferred work needs to sleep, then workqueue is used.
- If the deferred work need not sleep, then softirq or tasklet are used.
There are two ways to implement Workqueue in the Linux kernel.
- Using global workqueue (Static / Dynamic)
- Creating Own workqueue (We will see in the next tutorial)
Using Global Workqueue (Global Worker Thread)
In this tutorial, we will focus on this method.
In this method no need to create any workqueue or worker thread. So in this method, we only need to initialize work. We can initialize the work using two methods.
- Static method
- Dynamic method (We will see in the next tutorial)
Initialize work using Static Method
The below call creates a workqueue by the name and the function that we are passing in the second argument gets scheduled in the queue.
DECLARE_WORK(name, void (*func)(void *))
Where,
name: The name of the “work_struct” structure that has to be created.
func: The function to be scheduled in this workqueue.
Example
DECLARE_WORK(workqueue,workqueue_fn);
Schedule work to the Workqueue
The below functions are used to allocate the work to the queue.
Schedule_work
|
This function puts a job in the kernel-global workqueue if it was not already queued and leaves it in the same position on the kernel-global workqueue otherwise.
where,
Returns zero if |
Scheduled_delayed_work
|
After waiting for a given time this function puts a job in the kernel-global workqueue.
where,
|
Schedule_work_on
|
This puts a job on a specific CPU.
where,
|
Scheduled_delayed_work_on
|
After waiting for a given time this puts a job in the kernel-global workqueue on the specified CPU. int scheduled_delayed_work_on(int cpu, struct delayed_work *dwork, unsigned long delay );where,
|
Delete work from workqueue
There are also a number of helper functions that you can use to flush or cancel work on work queues. To flush a particular work item and block until the work is complete, you can make a call to flush_work. All work on a given work queue can be completed using a call to flush_work. In both cases, the caller blocks until the operation are complete. To flush the kernel-global work queue, call flush_scheduled_work.
int flush_work( struct work_struct *work );void flush_scheduled_work( void );Cancel Work from workqueue
You can cancel work if it is not already executing in a handler. A call to cancel_work_sync will terminate the work in the queue or block until the callback has finished (if the work is already in progress in the handler). If the work is delayed, you can use a call to cancel_delayed_work_sync.
int cancel_work_sync( struct work_struct *work );int cancel_delayed_work_sync( struct delayed_work *dwork );Check the workqueue
Finally, you can find out whether a work item is pending (not yet executed by the handler) with a call to work_pending or delayed_work_pending.
work_pending( work );delayed_work_pending( work );Programming
Driver Source Code
I took the source code from the previous interrupt example tutorial. In that source code, When we read the /dev/etx_device, the interrupt will hit (To understand interrupts in Linux go to this tutorial). Whenever an interrupt hits, I’m scheduling the work to the workqueue. I’m not going to do any job in both interrupt handler and workqueue function since it is a tutorial post. But in a real workqueue, this function can be used to carry out any operations that need to be scheduled.
[Get the source code from the GitHub]
/***************************************************************************//**
* \file driver.c
*
* \details Simple Linux device driver (Global Workqueue - Static method)
*
* \author EmbeTronicX
*
*******************************************************************************/
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kdev_t.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/cdev.h>
#include <linux/device.h>
#include<linux/slab.h> //kmalloc()
#include<linux/uaccess.h> //copy_to/from_user()
#include<linux/sysfs.h>
#include<linux/kobject.h>
#include <linux/interrupt.h>
#include <asm/io.h>
#include <linux/workqueue.h> // Required for workqueues
#include <linux/err.h>
#define IRQ_NO 11
void workqueue_fn(struct work_struct *work);
/*Creating work by Static Method */
DECLARE_WORK(workqueue,workqueue_fn);
/*Workqueue Function*/
void workqueue_fn(struct work_struct *work)
{
printk(KERN_INFO "Executing Workqueue Function\n");
}
//Interrupt handler for IRQ 11.
static irqreturn_t irq_handler(int irq,void *dev_id) {
printk(KERN_INFO "Shared IRQ: Interrupt Occurred");
schedule_work(&workqueue);
return IRQ_HANDLED;
}
volatile int etx_value = 0;
dev_t dev = 0;
static struct class *dev_class;
static struct cdev etx_cdev;
struct kobject *kobj_ref;
/*
** Function Prototypes
*/
static int __init etx_driver_init(void);
static void __exit etx_driver_exit(void);
/*************** Driver Fuctions **********************/
static int etx_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file);
static int etx_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file);
static ssize_t etx_read(struct file *filp,
char __user *buf, size_t len,loff_t * off);
static ssize_t etx_write(struct file *filp,
const char *buf, size_t len, loff_t * off);
/*************** Sysfs Fuctions **********************/
static ssize_t sysfs_show(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf);
static ssize_t sysfs_store(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr,const char *buf, size_t count);
struct kobj_attribute etx_attr = __ATTR(etx_value, 0660, sysfs_show, sysfs_store);
/*
** File operation sturcture
*/
static struct file_operations fops =
{
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.read = etx_read,
.write = etx_write,
.open = etx_open,
.release = etx_release,
};
/*
** This function will be called when we read the sysfs file
*/
static ssize_t sysfs_show(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
printk(KERN_INFO "Sysfs - Read!!!\n");
return sprintf(buf, "%d", etx_value);
}
/*
** This function will be called when we write the sysfsfs file
*/
static ssize_t sysfs_store(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobj_attribute *attr,const char *buf, size_t count)
{
printk(KERN_INFO "Sysfs - Write!!!\n");
sscanf(buf,"%d",&etx_value);
return count;
}
/*
** This function will be called when we open the Device file
*/
static int etx_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
printk(KERN_INFO "Device File Opened...!!!\n");
return 0;
}
/*
** This function will be called when we close the Device file
*/
static int etx_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
printk(KERN_INFO "Device File Closed...!!!\n");
return 0;
}
/*
** This function will be called when we read the Device file
*/
static ssize_t etx_read(struct file *filp,
char __user *buf, size_t len, loff_t *off)
{
printk(KERN_INFO "Read function\n");
asm("int $0x3B"); // Corresponding to irq 11
return 0;
}
/*
** This function will be called when we write the Device file
*/
static ssize_t etx_write(struct file *filp,
const char __user *buf, size_t len, loff_t *off)
{
printk(KERN_INFO "Write Function\n");
return len;
}
/*
** Module Init function
*/
static int __init etx_driver_init(void)
{
/*Allocating Major number*/
if((alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, 0, 1, "etx_Dev")) <0){
printk(KERN_INFO "Cannot allocate major number\n");
return -1;
}
printk(KERN_INFO "Major = %d Minor = %d \n",MAJOR(dev), MINOR(dev));
/*Creating cdev structure*/
cdev_init(&etx_cdev,&fops);
/*Adding character device to the system*/
if((cdev_add(&etx_cdev,dev,1)) < 0){
printk(KERN_INFO "Cannot add the device to the system\n");
goto r_class;
}
/*Creating struct class*/
if(IS_ERR(dev_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE,"etx_class"))){
printk(KERN_INFO "Cannot create the struct class\n");
goto r_class;
}
/*Creating device*/
if(IS_ERR(device_create(dev_class,NULL,dev,NULL,"etx_device"))){
printk(KERN_INFO "Cannot create the Device 1\n");
goto r_device;
}
/*Creating a directory in /sys/kernel/ */
kobj_ref = kobject_create_and_add("etx_sysfs",kernel_kobj);
/*Creating sysfs file for etx_value*/
if(sysfs_create_file(kobj_ref,&etx_attr.attr)){
printk(KERN_INFO"Cannot create sysfs file......\n");
goto r_sysfs;
}
if (request_irq(IRQ_NO, irq_handler, IRQF_SHARED, "etx_device", (void *)(irq_handler))) {
printk(KERN_INFO "my_device: cannot register IRQ ");
goto irq;
}
printk(KERN_INFO "Device Driver Insert...Done!!!\n");
return 0;
irq:
free_irq(IRQ_NO,(void *)(irq_handler));
r_sysfs:
kobject_put(kobj_ref);
sysfs_remove_file(kernel_kobj, &etx_attr.attr);
r_device:
class_destroy(dev_class);
r_class:
unregister_chrdev_region(dev,1);
cdev_del(&etx_cdev);
return -1;
}
/*
** Module exit function
*/
static void __exit etx_driver_exit(void)
{
free_irq(IRQ_NO,(void *)(irq_handler));
kobject_put(kobj_ref);
sysfs_remove_file(kernel_kobj, &etx_attr.attr);
device_destroy(dev_class,dev);
class_destroy(dev_class);
cdev_del(&etx_cdev);
unregister_chrdev_region(dev, 1);
printk(KERN_INFO "Device Driver Remove...Done!!!\n");
}
module_init(etx_driver_init);
module_exit(etx_driver_exit);
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
MODULE_AUTHOR("EmbeTronicX <[email protected]>");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Simple Linux device driver (Global Workqueue - Static method)");
MODULE_VERSION("1.10");
MakeFile
obj-m += driver.o
KDIR = /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build
all:
make -C $(KDIR) M=$(shell pwd) modules
clean:
make -C $(KDIR) M=$(shell pwd) clean
Building and Testing Driver
- Build the driver by using Makefile (
sudo make) - Load the driver using
sudo insmod driver.ko - To trigger the interrupt read device file (
sudo cat /dev/etx_device) - Now see the Dmesg (
dmesg)
[email protected]: dmesg [11213.943071] Major = 246 Minor = 0 [11213.945181] Device Driver Insert...Done!!! [11217.255727] Device File Opened...!!! [11217.255747] Read function [11217.255783] Shared IRQ: Interrupt Occurred [11217.255845] Executing Workqueue Function [11217.255860] Device File Closed...!!!
- We can able to see the print “Shared IRQ: Interrupt Occurred“ and “Executing Workqueue Function“
- Unload the module using
sudo rmmod driver
In our next tutorial, we will discuss Workqueue using the Dynamic method.
Please find the other Linux device driver tutorials here.
You can also read the below tutorials.
Embedded Software | Firmware | Linux Devic Deriver | RTOS
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